1. What can you learn from Source C about medicine in the middle ages? Explain your answer using Source C and your own knowledge (6 marks)

Level 1: Simple deductions from the source with no evidence of "own knowledge" e.g. "the source shows us that women went to the doctor in the middle ages. Doctors examined things in flasks" maximum 2 marks

Level 2: Historically accurate deductions from the source but only limited own knowledge revealed e.g. "Source C shows us that medieval doctors used observation to diagnose patients. It is significant that the doctor is using a urine flask as in the middle ages doctors believed that the state of a patients urine could be sign that a patients humours were out of balance" maximum 4 marks

Level 3: As above but with evidence of accurate own knowledge e.g. "Source C shows us that medieval doctors used observation to diagnose patients. It is significant that the doctor is using a urine flask as in the middle ages doctors believed that the state of a patients urine could be sign that a patients humours were out of balance. Thus the natural explanations of Hippocrates clearly continued throughout the Middle Ages. The fact that the women is shown going to the doctor suggests that the growing professionalism for doctors beginning with the setting up of the first medical school in Salerno in the 11th century was having an effect. What the source doesn't show is the persistence and re-emergence of supernatural and religious explanations for disease in the face of the plagues and epidemics of the Medieval period " maximum 6 marks


2. Does source B support Source A? Explain your answer using Sources A and B and your own knowledge (8 marks)

Level 1: basic agreement with the question with little or no own knowledge e.g. "Yes B does support A because they both describe what the flagellants wore and what they did"
Maximum 2 marks

Level 2: Agrees in more detail e.g. " Yes B does support A because they both describe what the flagellants wore and what they did. I can clearly see the caps described in B in the picture too. B also talks about them walking in a procession which is what they are doing in source A" Maximum 4 marks

Level 3: Agrees and disagrees in detail. Answers at this level will point out where B does not support A. For instance B suggests the flagellants harmed themselves ritualistically and mentions their bleeding bodies whereas there is no evidence of these practices or even scourges in source A Maximum 6 marks

Level 4: As above but is able to explain accurately who the flagellants actually were viz. people who thought that disease was sent by God as a punishment. By punishing themselves they hoped that god would be merciful and take the disease away Maximum 8 marks

3. How useful is source C to an historian studying approaches to cause and cure in the middle ages? Answer using Source C and your own knowledge (8 marks)

Level 1: simplistic answer based solely on the source with generalised comment e.g. "Source C is useful because it shows that people went to the doctor in the Middle ages, this shows that they took medicine and health seriously" maximum 2 marks

Level 2: at this level the candidate will start to specify what sorts of line of enquiry such a source will be useful for and will bring in some "own knowledge" e.g. "Source C is a medieval drawing of a woman going to the doctor. Historians studying approaches to cause and cure and the medical treatment of women may well find this source useful. It is also useful in highlighting the continuity between Ancient and Medieval times" Maximum 6 marks

Level 3: As above but with some discussion of what limits the sources usefulness e.g. "Source C is a medieval drawing of a woman going to the doctor. Historians studying approaches to cause and cure and the medical treatment of women may well find this source useful. It is also useful in highlighting the continuity between Ancient and Medieval times. The sources usefulness is somewhat limited by the facts we don't know exactly when or by whom or for what purpose the source was created, it could be by anyone at any time during the medieval times. Conclusions historians can draw from this source will therefore be necessarily generalised" Maximum 8 marks

4. Sources D and E give different interpretations of what caused the Black Death. Why do they differ? (8 marks)

Level 1: Simplistic descriptive answers based solely on the sources e.g. "They give different views because source D blames the Black death on the Jews whereas source E claims it was really caused by bad smells after an earthquake" Maximum 2 marks

Level 2: candidates start give reasons why they interpret the causes of the Black death differently as well as just describing their differences e.g. "They give different views because source D blames the Black death on the Jews whereas source E claims it was really caused by bad smells after an earthquake. This may be because they were written at different times, Source D was written very soon after the Black Death whereas Source E was in a book published in 1560" Maximum 6 marks

Level 3: the candidate discusses a number of possible reasons why they give differing interpretations including the date, motive and personal background of the author drawing on own knowledge. Maximum 8 marks

5. Which is more reliable Source A or Source B. Explain your answer using the sources and your own knowledge (8 marks)

Level 1: Simplistic answer e.g. "Source B is more reliable because it gives more details of what the flagellants actually did, A is just a picture" Maximum 2 marks
Level 2: still chooses but gives a more detailed answer which begins to highlight some of the limitations of one of the sources e.g. "Source B is more reliable because it gives more details of what the flagellants actually did, A is just a picture. We don't know when the picture was painted, by whom or for what purpose it is therefore less reliable than Source B. Maximum 6 marks

Level 3: accurately describes the limitations of both sources and begins to address the question reliable for what? 8 marks

6. The middle ages was a period of regress in the history of medicine. Is this interpretation a fair one? Explain your answer using the sources and your own knowledge (12 marks)

Level 1: Agrees in very simple terms e.g. "Yes because things in medicine got much worse in the Middle Ages because there were plagues and epidemics and no one knew the cure" Maximum 2 marks

Level 2: Agrees in more detail with evidence of limited own knowledge e.g. "Yes because things in medicine got much worse in the Middle Ages because there were plagues and epidemics and no one knew the cure. Doctors couldn't learn much about anatomy and surgery because the Church wouldn't allow them to cut up bodies" Maximum 5 marks

Level 3: Agrees with evidence of secure own knowledge e.g. "Yes because things in medicine got much worse in the Middle Ages because there were plagues and epidemics and no one knew the cure. Doctors couldn't learn much about anatomy and surgery because the Church banned dissection in 1300. also with the fall of the Roman Empire in 410AD Western Europe enter a period of rapid decline with the emergence of small, weak warring countries. Achievements such as the excellent Roman public Health system fell rapidly into decline" Maximum 8 marks

Level 4: Gives a balanced answer with evidence of secure own knowledge. Outlines regress in western Europe as above but also mentions areas of progress such as the growth in professionalism for doctors with the opening of the first medical school in Salerno Italy followed later by similar schools in Montpellier, Padua, Bologna and Paris. Also points out that the medieval period was only a period of regress in western Europe drawing on examples from the Arab world such as Avicenna and Rhazes maximum 12 marks